A brief look at cracking alkanes in the oil industry. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Such compounds are called alkenes and alkynes respectively. Alkene olefin alkyne acetylenes arene aromatic ring. The main sources of alkanes are oil and natural gas, which are important chemical raw materials and energy materials. Although these hydrocarbons have no functional groups, they constitute the. The cracking mechanism of alkenes via carbenium ion intermediates with. Catalytic cracking is an ionic process involving carbonium ions hydrocarbon ions. Reactions of alkanes and alkenes hydrocarbons edexcel. Pdf chemical mechanisms of catalytic cracking over solid acidic. A brief description of the difference between thermal and catalytic cracking of alkanes. In the absence of a directing or activating group, the reactivity of one ch or. Oh band at 3600 cm1 which, upon interaction with an alkane, forms a hydrogen bond. The combustion of alkanes, including incomplete combustion.
Aromatics are cyclic strcutures that are planar, fully conjugated and that possess an odd number of electron pairs in the. An introduction to the alkanes including cycloalkanes and their physical properties. Organic chemistry starters 1618 resource rsc education. Pdf organic chemistry made easy for senior secondary schools. Reforming is a similar process to catalytic cracking that is used in addition.
Monomolecular cracking rates of light alkanes over zeolites. Besides, their acidic bridged oh groups lead to a single. Challenges and opportunities for alkane functionalisation using. The reaction between alkanes and chlorine or bromine. The functional group in an alkyne is a carboncarbon triple bond. When alkanes c 4c 6 are heated to 150c with a platinum of aluminium oxide catalyst, isomerism occurs. All these processes involved reaction with carbon molecules to form other compounds. The reaction produces branched alkanes, and so is useful in improving octane number.
This is done by changing the ane suffix in the name of an alkane to ene for a double bond, or yne for a triple bond. Paraffins refer to alkanes such as methane, ethane. In organic chemistry, an alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains a carboncarbon. Well be learning about different aspects of molecular structure, including common functional groups and conformations. Acyclic alkenes, with only one double bond and no other functional groups, known as.
Alkanes, cycloalkanes, and functional groups khan academy. In reforming processes, naphtha refined or unrefined that may have been. The properties of organic molecules depend on the structure, and knowing the names of organic compounds allow us to communicate with other chemists. Igcse alkanes alkenes 5 cracking alkanes exercise youtube. The zeolites used in catalytic cracking are chosen to give high percentages of hydrocarbons with between 5 and 10 carbon atoms particularly useful for petrol gasoline. Thermal cracking, but if it is in the presence of catalyst. Ca11aii classification functional groups, caei alkanes structure, cafi alkenes structure. Predict, draw and name the products of functional group reactions. The alkane is brought into contact with the catalyst at a temperature of about 500c and moderately low pressures. Alkenes have two hydrogen atoms fewer than the corresponding alkane with the same. Organic reactions can be classified into the following groups cracking, reforming,combustion,addition,hydrogenation,substitution,elimination,condensation,addition polymerization, and condensation polymerization.
What functional groups other than alkanecycloalkane are. Catalytic cracking an overview sciencedirect topics. We look at how larger alkane molecules are cracked. Reforming is the process of increasing the amount of cycloalkanes and hydrocarbons containing benzene rings, to improve octane number. Asked in hydrocarbons why is there no reaction between potassium permanganate and alkanes. Alkanes and alkenes are the hydrocarbons used as transportation fuels and are. It will lead you to information on reforming and isomerisation as well as a. The functional group in an alkene is a carboncarbon double bond.